CHAPTER XXIV

PHRASES, CLAUSES, AND COMBINED SENTENCES

REVIEW EXERCISE 334.

     619.   The base of a Sentence.   The essential predicate is always a verb or verb phrase. The subject, object, or subjective complement may be —
1. A Noun:   Napoleon overthrew the government, and became Emperor.
2. A Pronoun:   They released us.     Debtors are those in debt.
3. An Adjective [as Subjective Complement only]:   They are silent.
4. A Phrase:   Out of sight is out of mind.
To be absent is to be forgotten.
His keeping busy prevented his being homesick.
They will be in search of work.
5. A Noun Clause:   What I learn cannot be taken from me.
We know that life is uncertain.
The fact is that he is totally blind.
6. A Quotation:   “I still live” was the last thing he said.
His dying words were, “Don’t give up the ship.
Galileo exclaimed, “It does move.”
     ( a )   The subject in imperative sentences is generally omitted. You, thou, or ye may be supplied in analyzing.
     620.   Modifiers.   Besides the modifiers named in § 241,
     I.   A noun or a pronoun may be modified by —
1. A Participleword:   They found him wounded and dying.
phrase:   Some frail memorial, still erected nigh….
2. An Infinitive phrase:   A plan to light the streets cheaply….
3. A Gerund phrase:   A plan for lighting the streets cheaply….
4. An Adjective clause:   Those that think govern those that toil.
5. An Appositive Noun clause:   Prove the fact | that it is so.
6. An Explanatory Noun clause:   It is true that air has weight.
     621.   II.   A verb, infinitive, participle, adjective, or adverb may be modified , i.e., complemented by —
1. A Noun or Noun phrase:   Stay a month (long).
2. An Infinitive phrase:   We came to demand our rights.
The land is pleasant to live in.
3. A Gerund phrase:   We came for casting our ballots.
The land is suited for raising crops.
4. An Adverb clause:   Stand wherever you like.
     622.   Compound Elements.   Any element in a sentence, whether a part of the base or a modifier, may be compounded of two or more simple elements usually joined by conjunctions. Thus: —
In Him we live and move.
Speak firmly but kindly.		He is both wise and good.
Learn who he is and where he is.

EXERCISE 335.

     623.   Clauses.   The different kinds of clauses must be carefully distinguished, and their connection with the rest of the sentence indicated clearly.   The following forms may be used: —
I. 
            is an Adjective Clause modifying the noun (or pronoun)            
The clause connective is 1. The relative pronoun who, which, that, as.
2. The relative adverbs where, when, whence, why, etc.
II. 
            is an Adverb Clause modifying the verb (adjective or adverb)             by denoting time, place, cause, manner, comparison, condition, concession, purpose, etc.
The clause connective is 1. The conjunctive adverb where, when, while, whence, as, etc.
2. The subordinating conjunction till, before, after, if, for, because, as, than, that, etc.
III. 
            is a Noun Clause; used 1. As subject of the verb            
2. As object of the verb            
3. As object of the preposition            
4. As subject complement of            
5. In apposition to the noun            
6. To explain the anticipative subject (or object) it
The clause connective is 1. The conjunctive pronoun what, whatever, whoever, etc.
2. The conjunctive adverb how, why, when, where, etc.
3. The subordinating conjunction that or whether.
     624.   In studying selection for analysis and parsing, observe the following directions: —
1. Consult the dictionary for the meaning of unfamiliar words.
2. Transpose the words into their common prose order, unless the construction already seems clear to you.
3. Select the clauses and show how each is used.
4. Classify the sentence and analyze each part of it.

EXERCISE 336.

EXERCISE 337.

     625.   Variety of Expression.   Among the many ways of varying our forms of expression are the following: —
     1.   Passive verb phrases and participles may be used for active, and vice versa. [§ 503.]   Thus: —
1.   All may make mistakes.|   1.   Mistakes may be made by all.
     2.   The introductory there or it may be used. [§§ 249, 363.]   Thus: —
1.   A messenger came.|   1.   There came a messenger.
2.   To retreat was impossible.|   2.   It was impossible to retreat.
     3.   Words maybe expanded to phrases, and phrases to clauses. [§ 99.]   Thus: —
1.   Japanese tea….|   1.   Tea raised in Japan….
2.   The inventor of television….|   2.   He that invented the television….
3.   Before taking off….|   3.   Before they had taken off….
4.   The flight having begun….|   4.   When the flight had begun….
     4.   Clauses may be contracted to phrases.   Thus: —
1.   Gray, who wrote the poem….|   1.   Gray the author of the poem….
2.   Regions that Stanley explored….|   2.   Regions explored by Stanley….
3.   After we left Paris….|   3.   Having left Paris….
4.   I thought that he was worthy.|   4.   I thought him worthy.
5.   Come before the sun rises.|   4.   Come before sunrise.
     5.   Simple sentences may be combined into either compound or complex sentences.   Thus: —
1.   The Americans were not contending for money.   They were contending for a principle.   They refused to receive the tea.
1.   The Americans were not contending for money, but for a principle, and they refused to receive the tea. (Compound.) Or —
1.   As the Americans were not contending for money, but for a principle, they refused to receive the tea. (Complex.)
     6.   Negative may be used for affirmative assertions, and interrogative for declarative sentences.   [§ 557(b).] Thus: —
1.   Such pleasures attracted him.|   1.   Such pleasures were not unattractive to him.
2.   We have suffered enough.   Let us defend our rights.|   2.   Have we not suffered enough?   Shall we not defend our rights?

EXERCISE 338.

Selections for Analysis and Parsing.

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