Complex Sentence — Adjective Clause

	Lesson 59 (pp. 102–104)	A dependent clause that does the work of an adjective is called an Adjective Clause.
Exercises (Lesson 59: complex sentence, adjective clause) Diagram the following:
1.	They that touch pitch will be defiled.	Explanation.— The relative importance of the two clauses is shown by their position, by their connection, and by the difference in the shading of the lines. The pronoun that is written on the subject line of the dependent clause. That performs the office of a conjunction also. This office is shown by the dotted line. As modifiers are joined by slanting lines to the words they modify, you learn from this diagram that that touch pitch is a modifier of they.
2. The lever which moves the world of mind is the printing press.
3.	Wine makes the face of him who drinks it to excess blush for his habits.	Explanation.— The adjective clause does not always modify the subject.
4. Photography is the art which enables commonplace mediocrity to look like genius. 5. In 1685 Louis XIV signed the ordinance that revoked the Edict of Nantes.
6.	The thirteen colonies were welded together by the measures which Samuel Adams framed.	Explanation.— The pronoun connecting an adjective clause is not always a subject.
7. The guilt of the slave trade, which sprang out of the traffic with Guinea, rests with John Hawkins.
8.	I found the place to which you referred.
9. The spirit in which we act is the highest matter.
10.	It was the same book that I referred to.	Explanation.— The phrase to that modifies referred. That connects the adjective clause. When the pronoun that connects an adjective clause, the preposition never precedes. The diagram is similar to that of (8).
11. She that I spoke to was blind.
12.	Grouchy did not arrive at the time that Napoleon most needed him.	Explanation.— A preposition is wanting. That = in which. (Can you find a word that would here sound better than that?)
13. Attention is the stuff that memory is made of.
14.	It is to you that I speak.	Explanation.— Here the preposition, which usually would stand last in the sentence, is found before the complement of the independent clause. In analysis restore the preposition to its usual place — It is you that I speak to. That I speak to modifies the subject. These two sentences actually differ syntactically as given above. The preposition of the indirect object is repeated like the one in (12). In fact this reference by it may be made to any part of the sentence — the so-called cleft-sentence transform.
15. It was from me that he received the information.
16.	Islands are the tops of mountains whose base is in the bed of the ocean.	Explanation.— The connecting pronoun is here a possessive modifier of base.
17. Unhappy is the man whose mother does not make all mothers interesting.
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	Lesson 60 (pp. 104–106)
Exercises (Lesson 60: adjective clause—continued & indefinite noun clause) Diagram the following:
1.	Trillions of waves of light enter the eye and hit the retina in the time you take to breathe.	Explanation.— The connecting pronoun that* is omitted. *When whom, which, and that would, if used, be object complements, they are often omitted. Macaulay is the only writer we have found who seldom or never omits them. The view today is that the only conjunction omitted is that. Note as well that you is logically an indirect object and the infinitive phrase the subject: …it takes you (so much time) to breathe, i.e., …to breath takes (so much time) for you. The amount of time (degree adverb, i.e., blue) is what is being explained using the complement, not its quality or identity (rose).
2. The smith takes his name from his smoothing the metals he works on. 3. Socrates was one of the greatest sages the world had ever seen.
4.	Whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth.	Explanation.— The adjective clause modifies the omitted antecedent of whom. Supply him. But see footnote to exercise (5) and my own comments.
5.	He did what was right.* *Many grammarians prefer to treat what was right as a noun clause (see Lesson 71), the object of did. They would treat in the same way clauses introduced by whoever, whatever, whichever. “What was originally an interrogative and introduced substantive clauses. Its use as a compound relative is an extension of its use as an indirect interrogative; it is confined to clauses which may be parsed as substantives, and before which no antecedent is needed, or permitted to be expressed. Its possessive whose has, however, attained the full construction of a relative.”—Prof. F. A. March.	Explanation.— The adjective clause modifies the omitted word thing, or some word whose meaning is general or indefinite. The clause in question is what I call an indefinite noun clause. There is some similarity to the wh-interrogative noun clause, but it is quite distinct. Many grammarians today call it a “head internal relative clause.” The only thing “relative” about it is the form of some of the clause connectives. The whom above corresponds in paraphrase to someone, the what to something, and the connectives with -ever correspond to anything. These all being indefinite pronouns is what motivates the stated terminology.
6. What is false in this world below betrays itself in a love of show. 7. The swan achieved what the goose conceived.
8.	What men he had were true.	Explanation.— The relative pronoun what here precedes its noun like an adjective. Analyze as if arranged thus: The men what (=that or whom) he had were true. Now it should be clear what perigrinations are required when the clause is taken as a relative adjective clause. The paraphrase makes this what into the indefinite article some.
9.	Whoever does a good deed is instantly ennobled.	Explanation.— The adjective clause modifies the omitted subject (man or he) of the independent clause. Here again the noun clause analysis shows itself better.
10. I told him to bring whichever was the lightest. 11. Whatever crushes individuality is despotism.
12.	A depot is a place where stores are deposited.	Explanation.— The line representing where is made up of two parts. The upper part represents where as a conjunction connecting the adjective clause to place, and the lower part represents it as an adverb modifying are deposited. As where performs these two offices, it may be called a conjunctive adverb. By changing where to the equivalent phrase in which, and using a diagram similar to (8), Lesson 59, the double nature of the conjunctive adverb will be seen. I have adjusted the authors’ diagram by placing the adverb in the dependent clause and drawing the (rose) line to it with an angle from place in the main clause, which it identifies.       Much less complicated, I believe, is making the clause identify the place by being in apposition to the noun place.
13. He raised the maid from where she knelt. 14. Youth is the time when the seeds of character are sown. 15. Shylock would give the duke no reason why he followed a losing suit against Antonio. 16. Mark the majestic simplicity of those laws whereby the operations of the universe are conducted.
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