Infinitives — Continued

Words & Phrases Used Independently

	Lesson 42 (p. 79)	The infinitive phrase may be used independently.* *These infinitive phrases can be expanded into dependent clauses. See Lesson 79. For the infinitive after as, than, etc., see Lesson 63. Participles and infinitives unite with other verbs to make compound forms; as, have walked, shall walk.
1.	England’s debt, to put it in round numbers, is $4,000,000,000.	Explanation.— In the diagram the independent element must stand by itself.
Exercises (Lesson 42: infinitives continued) Diagram the following:
2. Every object has several faces, so to speak. 3. To make a long story short, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were executed.
Infinitives and Participles (Miscellaneous)
4. It is a good thing to give thanks to the Lord. 5. We require clothing in the summer to protect the body from the heat of the sun. 6. Rip Van Winkle could not account for everthing’s having changed so. 7. This sentence is not too difficult for me to analyze. 8. The fog came pouring in at every chink and keyhole. 9. Conscience, her first law broken, wounded lies. 10. To be, or not to be, — that is the question. 11. I supposed him to be a gentleman. 12. Food, keeping the body in health by making it warm and repairing its waste, is a necessity. 13. I will teach you the trick to prevent your being cheated another time. 14. She threatened to go beyond the sea, to throw herself out of the window, to drown herself. 15. Busied with public affairs, the council would sit for hours smoking and watching the smoke curl from their pipes to the ceiling.
Answers
1.	The loveliest things in life, Tom, are but shadows.	Explanation.—Tom is independent by address. But is an adjective modifying shadows.
2.	There are one-story intellects, two-story intellects, and three-story intellects with skylights.	Explanation.— Often, as in this sentence, there is used idiomatically, merely to throw the subject after the verb, the idea of place having faded out of the word. To express place, another there may follow the predicate; as, There is gold there.
Exercises (Lesson 44: independent words & phrases) Diagram the following:
3. Ah! then and there was hurrying to and fro. 4. Hope lost, all is lost. 5. The smith, a mighty man is he. 6. Why, this is not revenge. 7. Well, this is the forest of Arden. 8. Now, there is at Jerusalem, by the sheep market, a pool. 9. To speak plainly, your habits are your worst enemies. 10. No accident occurring, we shall arrive tomorrow. 11. The teacher being sick, there was no school Friday. 12. Mr. President, I shall enter on no encomium upon Massachusetts. 13. Properly speaking, there can be no chance in his business. 14. But the enemies of tyranny — their path leads to the scaffold. 15. She (oh, the artfulness of the woman!) managed the matter extremely well.
Answers
16.	A day later (Oct. 19, 1812) began the fatal retreat of the Grand Army, from Moscow.	See Lesson 35.