Participles (Nounal Verbs — Continued)

	Lesson 38 (pp. 69–71)	The participle may be used as principal word in a prepositional phrase.
1.	We receive good by doing good.	Explanation.— The line representing the participle here is broken; the first part represents the participle as a noun, and the other as a verb. Analysis.— The phrase by doing good is a modifier of the predicate; by introduces the phrase; the principal word is doing, which is completed by the noun good.
Exercises (Lesson 38: participle – Nounal verbs continued) Diagram the following:
2. Portions of the brain may be cut off without producing any pain. 3. The Coliseum was once capable of seating ninety thousand persons. 4. Success generally depends on acting prudently, steadily, and vigorously. 5. You cannot fully sympathize with suffering without having suffered.
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		The participle may be used as principal word in a phrase used as a subject or as an object complement.
6.	Your writing that letter so neatly secured the position.	Explanation.— The diagram of the subject phrase is drawn above the subject line. All that rests on the subject line is regarded as the subject. Analysis.— The phrase your writing that letter so neatly is the subject; the prinipal word of it is writing, which is completed by letter; writing, as a noun, is modified by your, and, as a verb, by the adverb phrase so neatly.
7. We should avoid injuring the feelings of others. 8. My going there will depend upon my father’s giving his consent. 9. Good reading aloud is a rare accomplishment.
		The participle form may be used as a mere noun or a mere adjective.
10. The cackling of geese saved Rome.
11.	Such was the exciting campaign, celebrated in many* a long-forgotten song. *“Manig man in Anglo-Saxon was used like German mancher mann, Latin multus vir, and the like, until the thirteenth century; when the article was inserted to emphasize the distribution before indicated by the singular number.” —Prof. F. A. March.	Explanation.— Many modifies song after song has been limited by a and long-forgotten. More accurately many may be taken to modify the meaning of the article directly.
		My feeling is that the passive voice has been interrupted, and that the participle has become an attribute complement. Such now tells not the manner of the celebrating but the extent to which it was of the celebrated kind.
12. All silencing of discussion is an assumption of infallibility. 13. He was a squeezing, grasping, hardened old sinner.
		The participle form may be used in independent or absolute phrases.
14.	The bridge at Ashtabula giving way, the train fell into the river.	Explanation.— The diagram of the absolute phrase, which consists of a noun used independently with a participle, stands by itself. See Lesson 44.
		The grammatical subject of give way is bridge, yet logically according to its sense in the sentence, the bridge at Ashtabula giving way is adverbial and modifies the predicate. The train fell into the river by reason of the bridge giving way. Most telling is that the participle phrase does not limit, classify, nor identify its subject; it seems instead to enlarge upon the predicate so as to give the reason. See Lesson 79.
15. Talking of exercise, you have heard, of course, of Dickens’s “constitutionals.”
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