1. Suppose the linguist derives the sentence in (1) from structures describable by grammatical conjunction.
| (1) | Be fair and truthful, yet strict and firm. |
Give sentences that would be interpreted the same way as would the clauses of which it is composed.
2. Give the tree diagram for the resulting full structure of the sentence in 1.
3. What additional features (if any) are needed on the conjunction in the sentence in 1? It may be helpful to analyze the conjunction yet as the combination of the conjunction and together with the adverb yet. Do you need to have an additional transformation for the interpretation of this conjunction?
4. Trace the interpretation of the sentence in 1 by using the tree structure as a map.
5. A phrase structure rule describes some element as consisting of certain other elements. Is a PS-rule better suited to describe hypotactic structures or paratactic structures?
6. Consider the following sentence:
| The elephant lifted his enormous ears, gave a short trumpet, and for an instant wavered in his determination whether to attack or fly. — Kimball |
Construct a sentence for each verb: lifted, gave, wavered, attack, fly. Do any of these sentences show up as clauses? Are the clauses dependent or independent? Are any of them degenerate?
7. Which elements in the sentences of your paraphrase of the sentence in 6 can one still paraphrase as sentences?
8. Analyze the following pairs of words and tell whether their derivation is living or frozen. If the derivation is living, propose a viable undegenerate paraphrase.
| a. calculate — incalculable | e. nigh — near | |
| b. encourage — encouragement | f. beneath — nether | |
| c. gold — golden | g. know — knowledge | |
| d. height — heighten | h. public — publicize |
9. Assume that the linguist is able to describe the language of algebra through the use of PS-rules. What are some of the devices that one needs in order to describe the relationship between such rules describing algebra and the rules of the grammar of English? Can you symbolize these devices in the form of a calculus?