1. What are the four elements of a language (calculus)? Do artificial languages always have all four elements?
2. What was the direction of study in the philology of the 19th century? How has this changed for linguistics today?
3. What was the most prominent distinguishing characteristic of generative grammar when it was introduced to the world in 1957? Why is this still important for a grammar today?
4. What kinds of phenomena are described by a grammar?
5. What does chess have to do with language?
6. Is the scientific approach a language? Explain. Is a grammar a language? Explain.
7. Who originated the idea of a symbolic language in the form of a calculus? In what ways did these philosophers fail in formalizing the scientific approach?